Saturday, September 26, 2009

To hide your feelings/intensions from others

Hide
- We hid our anger under a big smile.
- She tried to hide her excitement after wining the contest.
- You should not hide your grief and sorrow after your father's death.

Conceal
To hide your intentions or feelings from someone:

- John concealed his sorrow from me.
- He could not conceal his surprise .
- She has never concealed her ambition to be the Miss of the world

Disguise
To hide opinions, ,feelings or intentions etc by pretending to feel something else:

- He didn't disguise his bitterness about what had happened.
- A thinly disguised attempt to embarrass the prime minister.
- She couldn’t disguise the fact that she felt uncomfortable.
- disguised his anger behind a false geniality.

Camouflage
Hide or disguise a feeling,an intention,etc by means of camouflage.

- He believed that her kindness was merely a camouflage for her real intentions.
- The constant party going of her later years was a desperate camouflage for her grief.
- Aggression is often a camouflage for insecurity.
- Her angry words were camouflage for the way she felt.

Mask
To deliberately avoid showing your feelings in your behavior or the truth about a situation, so that it cannot be easily seen or noticed:


- Dena lit a cigarette, trying to mask her agitation.
- Men often mask their true feelings with humor.
- She spoke calmly, masking her anger.
- She masked her anger with a smile.
- He masked his real purpose.
- She made a desperate attempt to mask her horror at the news of her father's death.

dissemble
A word often used in literary style meaning To disguise or conceal your real feelings,intentions often by pretending to have different ones:

- She smiled, dissembling her true emotion.
- She had, as far as he knew, no reason to be curious, and therefore no reason to dissemble her curiosity.

dissimulate
A formal word meaning To disguise (one's intentions, for example) under a feigned appearance or by lying:

- We don't need to dissimulate our lack of interest to gain the power.
- She smiled to dissimulate her anger.

Suppress
To stop yourself from showing an emotion, especially one that might offend someone:

- Anya sucks at the insides of her own cheeks to suppress a smile
- she could not suppress a rising panic.
- She was unable to suppress her anger.
- He could hardly suppress his surprise.
- As Karen nodded, Rory failed to suppress a shiver.

Repress
To not allow something, especially feelings, to be expressed:
- Denying or repressing sorrow often seems the easiest way out when confronted with death.
- We should not suppress or repress our anger feelings.
- I couldn't repress a sigh of admiration.
- He was unable to repress his laugh.
- You mean --; Cheltenham?'; said Robert, unable to repress a smile.
- For much of the day we need to be able to repress some feelings to enable us to concentrate or to use our intellects.
- Such people give more than they take; they tend to hide their emotions and repress their desires just to please others.

Bottle something up
To deliberately avoid showing strong feelings or emotions especially if you are angry,worried or upset.
- Patients who bottle up their feelings are often helped by being encouraged to express these emotions.
- He was a great believer in expressing aggression, not bottling it up.
- I've been bottling it up inside me far too long.
- Nearly six months after the tragedy, he's still bottling it up.

Be non- committal
To avoid showing what you think about something or what you intend to do,when answering a question or making a statement:

- The manager remained non committal about the chances of his team to win the match.
- The president was non committal about his plans to bring the economy out of the recession.
- She was non committal about her decision to get divorced .

Put on a brave face/put a brave face on /put on a good face
To pretend that you are happy about a situation while you are upset.In American English you can also say put on a good face.
- He was putting a brave face on it but she knew he was shattered.
- He failed in his exams but he tried to put a brave face on it.

Like vs. As if


Like is a preposition and as if is a conjunction and they state something that is not true, but it is like something true and compare a real situation with an imaginary situation. They both follow verbs such as seem, sound, look, act, behave…
When using the two, note that like is directly followed by a noun or an object and as if followed by a clause:
- It looks like it will rain. (Incorrect)
- It looks like rain. (Correct)
- It looks as if it will rain.(correct)

- He behaved them as if his children. (Incorrect)
- He behaved them as if they were his children. (Correct)
- He behaved them like his children.(correct)

Now compare the following sentences:


- It looks like it’s going to rain.
- It looks as if it’s going to rain.

Strictly speaking, Only the second sentence is right because like here is used to introduce verb phrases while it is a preposition and comes with nouns; but it is unlikely you don’t hear the first context in conversations.

Other examples:
- It seems /sounds/ looks like good (incorrect)
- It seems to be a good idea/seems /sounds/ looks like a good idea (correct)
- It seems /sounds/ looks as if it were a good idea.(correct)

As vs. As if vs. Like


Note the following sentences:
1- He acts as a teacher.(his job is teacher)
2- He acts as if he is a teacher.
3- He acts like a teacher.
 2&3 mean he is not a teacher but acts in a way that he seems to be a teacher







Friday, September 25, 2009

Suppress vs. Repress vs. Oppress

Suppress, repress and oppress have similarities and differences .Each is a synonym for the others. Yet the there is a slight difference between  them .Although they are very similar in meaning there are small distinct differences governing their proper use so that they can be interchangeably used in many occasions especially the two former and particularly when they are used in political context.but they each have unique distinctions:

Similarities

1- Suppress and repress mean to stop yourself from showing your feelings:

- He could not suppress/repress a cry of pain as his knee hit the wood.
- It will be impossible for him to suppress/repress the desire for revenge.
- They cannot suppress/repress feelings of amazement at the wonderful world.
- He is in a hurry.' True," said Tom, unable to suppress/repress a smile.
- Those who had said they would suppress/repress their anger showed a death rate 2 times those who express it.

2- They are used to indicate that a government uses force or violence ruthlessly to stop people from opposing:
A- The court found him guilty of trying to suppress/repress demonstrations during last May's uprisings.
B- The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed/ repressed.
C- The army was prepared to suppress / repress rebellion by shooting down the protesters.
D- The government suppressed/repressed the citizens,peasants,...


Oppress has a near meaning with suppress and repress :

To treat people who are less powerful in an unfair and cruel way especially by keeping them from having the same rights that other people in society have :


- The regime is accused of oppressing religious minorities.
- The tyrant oppressed the citizens .
- The government oppresses political activists.


 The former two have a wider range of meaning and can be used in the above contexts instead of oppress but the meaning slightly differs; these words don’t mean exactly the same thing:
Take the sentences A-D, oppress only can be interchangeably used with suppress and repress in sentence D

 

3- The two are synonymous in this sense: To inhibit (unpleasant or painful ideas or memories) to avoid considering it:

- He had suppressed/repressed the painful memories of his childhood.
-…the agonizing fear and rage she had had to repress/suppress when she was ten years old and came home.
-.. latent reaction to injuries he had to repress/suppress when a child.

However, they cannot be used interchangeably in this use because:
Suppress means to consciously dismiss from the mind (unacceptable ideas, impulses, etc.):
- I tried to suppress these unpleasant memories.
Repress means to suppress (painful, unpleasant, disturbing memories or thoughts) in oneself automatically or unconsciously from the conscious mind, to stop remembering:

- Children do not normally repress the thought of death.
- The thought that he had killed his brother was so terrible that he repressed it .

For more information about the difference between suppression and repression in this sense click here.

Differences
The two each have their unique senses:
4- Suppress is used to indicate that an authority keeps important information, opinions, or books from being revealed, published, or circulated:

- The police were accused of suppressing evidence.
- The government attempted to suppress any reports of anti-social behavior by the oppositions.

5- Suppress means to prevent a physical process or reaction from happening or developing:
a) to restrain from a usual course or action <suppress a cough,appetite>
b) to inhibit the growth or development of:

- Use of the drug suppressed the immune response.
- The virus suppresses the body's immune system.


Repress means to inhibit the natural development or self-expression of (someone or something):
- Too much bureaucracy represses creativity/a child.

Such as vs. Such...as


Such as and suchas are the same in meaning and can be used in many cases instead of each other but there are differences between them:

Similarities

They are used to introduce examples:
- ..careers such as/such careers as teaching, nursing, hairdressing and catering.
- ...delays such as/ delays caused by such things as bad weather or industrial disputes.
- On a day such as today/on such a day as today, it's hard to imagine that things will ever be normal again.

 You use such...as to link something or someone with a clause in which you give a description of the kind of thing or person that you mean.

- Each member of the alliance agrees to take such actions as/ take actions such as it deems necessary, - Including the use of armed force...
- Britain is not enjoying such prosperity as/ the prosperity such as it was in the mid-1980s.
- Children do not use inflections such as/such inflections as are used in mature adult speech...

Differences

You use such...as to introduce a reference to the person or thing that has just been mentioned.

- There have been previous attempts at coups. We regard such methods as entirely
unacceptable...
- There'd be no telling how John would react to such news as this.

We use such...as in formal style for emphasizing that something is not enough for a particular purpose:

- Such experience as I have is useless in this situation.
- Such changes as they made were minor and did not go far enough.
- Such food as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat.
- Such advice as he was given (= it was not very much) has proved almost worthless.

Note that in this sense it is synonymous with  inadequate, insufficient, scant, meager, pitiful.

Saturday, September 12, 2009

Such as vs. Like

Like and such as are used to give examples of something between two or several nouns or groups. They both mean for example , but we can not use it as a replacement for either one. There are a lot of arguments over the uses of the two, usually some of which based on personal beliefs . They can be used interchangeably in many occasions (not always) and sometimes there are subtle distinctions between them:

Like seems to be of higher frequency in spoken English, while such as is more common in written or formal spoken English But in formal written contexts, most editors still attempt to maintain a useful distinction between a like comparison and a such as comparison.

-Today I have a lot of works to do, like shopping, cleaning the house, picking children from school… 
Like can be used to mention examples to mean "such as":

- A lot of older people, like my grandparents, for example, are enjoying their retirement by traveling all over the world.
-There are many things to do on the beach, like swimming, surfing ,biking and getting a tan.

We can replace like with such as in the above sentences, but like sounds less formal .

Strictly, there seems to be the following distinctions:

1-When they are used to compare two or more nouns, like essentially means similar to or in the manner of. while, such as means for example:

Compare following sentences:

- The animals like the Iranian cheetahs are classed as an endangered species .
- The animals, like the Iranian cheetahs are classed as an endangered species .
- The animals such as the Iranian cheetahs are classed as an endangered species .

The first sentence says that the animals that are similar to the Iranian cheetah- say, for example, African or Asian cheetahs are classed as endangered species. It doesn’t suggest that other  species, such as Siberian tiger, Leopard, Brown bear are endangered.

Like and such as in The second and the third ones can mean for example and indicate that the Iranian cheetah is an example of the endangered species that can include Siberian tiger, Leopard, Brown bear… .
Therefore, when using like notice the comma before it, otherwise it makes ambiguity.

2- A lot of mistakes happen when like is used in the sense of similar to:

- Sculptors, like painters see their art as a cosa mentale, work that requires intellectual activity.

In this sentence and the ones like this which the word like showing similarity between two things, using such as in this sentence sounds incorrect because a sculptor is not a painter; In a sentence of this form, the noun after like is generally assumed to be more familiar to the reader than is the subject of the sentence. If we wanted to replace like with such as to make a correct sentence, we would have to change painters to names of some sculptors:

- Sculptors, such as Paul Soldner, Elaine Coleman, Don Reitz see their art as a cosa mentale, work that requires intellectual activity.

Also notice the following sentences:

- Her son wants to be a man like his father.
Incorrect: His son wants to be a man such as his father.

- I like to have a car like yours.
Incorrect: I like to have a car such as yours.

Another misuse: A few days ago a friend of mine told me that I saw a movie starring actors like Tom Cruise and Johnny Depp .In fact the actors were Cruise and Depp and he should have used such as instead of like but if you take his word literally It means he saw a movie with Cruise and Depp imitators .

3- When like means in the manner of

Like means "in the manner of this one," but it also includes the idea of "not necessarily this exact one." For example, here's a proper use: "Since the end of the 1960s, people from all parts of the world like Hitler have tried but failed to institute a new world order."
http://barelybad.com/words2.htm
There have been mentioned many other distinctions which I ignore them. The followings are some comments and excerpts from some notable authors and websites about the difference between such as and like:

A- Here is an excerpt from alt-usage-english.org :

The Little, Brown Handbook (6th ed., HarperCollins, 1995) says:
"Strictly, such as precedes an example that represents a larger subject, whereas like indicates that two subjects are comparable.Steve has recordings of many great saxophonists such as Ben Webster and Lee Konitz. Steve wants to be a great jazz saxophonist like Ben Webster and Lee Konitz." Nobody would use "such as" in the second sentence; the disputed usage is "like" in the first sentence.

B- And this is a comment from http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~gernot/style-guide.html :

When you are referring to a set, the members of which have in common a given characteristic, and you wish to give an example that is a member of that set, you should use such as. When you are referring to a set that does not include your example, but that contains members that resemble your example, you should use like. Examples: Students, such as those at UNSW, sometimes are having fun. Sometimes they behave like children with a new toy. (Note that British/Australian English is more relaxed about this rule than American English.)

C- http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/GRAMMAR/grammarlogs2/grammarlogs368.htm :

Whether you stick with such as or switch to like when introducing examples of a class seems to be a matter purely of taste. Burchfield recommends using such as when referring to more than one example: "Romantic composers such as Chopin, Schubert, and Tchaikovsky. . . ." But when referring to a single example (thing or person), either like or such as is acceptable: "A Romantic composer like Tchaikovsky. . . ."

Burchfield also allows for the object form of the pronoun after such as (in sentences such as the one you suggest). Some writers insist that the such as is introducing a kind of understood clause, which would demand the subject form: "You don't often find a friend such as I [am]." But Burchfield takes note of sentences like Macaulay's "They were not bad, for such as her.

D- drgrammar.com


"Writers whom we respect disagree on whether there is any significant difference between like and such as. Wilson Follett and Theodore Bernstein say no. James J. Kilpatrick says yes. We come down gingerly on the side of Kilpatrick. His argument seems valid: 'When we are talking of large, indefinite fields of similarity, like properly may be used.' When we are talking about specifically named persons [places or things] . . . included in a small field, we ought to use such as.' In 'Books like this one can help you write better,' like means similar to. In 'Cities such as Atlanta and Birmingham are important to the economy of the Southeast,' the intent is to specify those cities as examples, not merely to put them into a broad category of cities that are important to the economy of the Southeast" (Lederer and Dowis, Sleeping Dogs Don't Lay 79).

Note that:
Don’t use too many like or such as in your sentences :

- Most of the oil producing countries, like Saudi Arabia, Iran and Kuwait try to invest in oil-based- products like(use such as) petrol, petrochemicals,…
- President Festus Mogae says small nations such as Botswana and Barbados faced similar challenges (use like)such as diversifying and building sustainable...

Both Such as me  and such as myself are used but notice that such as myself  seems more common:
With like you'd better use me instead of myself :

People like me /people such as myself  seek the truth.


Friday, September 4, 2009

Like vs. As

Like and As are used to indicate that something is similar to other thing .The two have similarities and distinctions:

1- Grammatically, like is used as both preposition and adverb to give examples and is followed by:
a-A noun or pronoun as a preposition 

- South American countries like Peru, Colombia and Brazil tried to establish…
- Flowers like rose, require special care.
- Various trees, like oak or pine

b-A gerund (-ing form of the verb, used as a noun), or a noun clause:

- He has a lot of hobbies, like painting, skiing.

Notice that such as and as can be used instead of like in the above contexts. Although in various dictionaries such as the freedictionary.com ,dictionary.com and Merriam -Webster.com, it has been mentioned that as can be used as an adverb instead of like in the above sentences , practically, the word is not recommended in many grammar books and generally it is not very common in this use.

c- A noun or adjective meaning In the manner of being; as if. Used as an intensifier of action:

- Worked like hell; Ran like crazy. We'll have to run like the wind.
As can not be used in this case.


Like is used to indicate the comparisons of two or several things:

- A man like him can be the ideal person for the position.(Not a man AS him…)
- My car is not like your car.(Not My car is not AS your car)
- Her hair is dark brown like mine.(Not Her hair is dark brown as mine)

Using As and Like as conjunctions

2- As is used as a conjunction and introduces a subordinate clause (a clause contains a verb); so it can be used:
A- Before a clause:
- Nobody can speak English in the class as he does.
- They don’t know the new boss as I do.
- They often take a nap after lunch, as we do in Iran
- He is not good at French, as I am.

Like can be used as a preposition which is only followed by an object or pronoun:

- Nobody can speak English in the class like him.
- They don’t know the new boss like me.
- They often take a nap after lunch, like us in Iran.
- He is not good at French, like me.
 like in this use is only limited to casual or conversational English, but they're not grammatically correct .

Like is used in informal style as a conjunction and is more common than as in this case:

- Nobody can speak English in the class like he does.
- They don’t know the new boss like I do.
- They often take a nap after lunch, like we do in Iran
- He is not good at French, like I am.

Grammatically sticking, This use of like is considered wrong because like only can be used as a preposition but many believe that this kind of use of like is getting more common and acceptable as a conjunction in informal English.

B- Before an expression(usually time or place) beginning with a preposition:

- This weekend as in last weekend we are going to go skiing
-There is too much traffic in London as in New York.
- In 1994 as in 1995 he made a great fortune in his business.
 In this use like can be used instead of as .

In meaning as is used to indicate that two things are equivalent, while like shows that they're similar. In other words, as is used to describe that someone/something has a particular job or function.

Like is used as a preposition to imply that something or someone is in like manner with; similarly to; in the manner characteristic of

Compare the following sentences:

a) He treated Mary as a friend.
(He was the friend of Mary)
b) He treated Mary like a friend.
(He was not the friend of Mary but treated her in a way that everyone may have thought Mary was his friend. Mary here has simply been compared to a friend)

3- Like as an adverb means in the same way as; as in this sense can replace with like:

- It happened like/as you might expect it would.
- Make the cake like/as you did last week.
- I'll help her like/as I would help anyone.

Like, though, is used informally in these sentences. It would also be correct in this sentence.

Wednesday, September 2, 2009

Words for describing sth that sb has hidden

Hidden
- The treasure was hidden in a small cave.
-
I found my book hidden under a table.
-
I showed him the videos taken of his house by a hidden camera.
-
It passed and he looked upriver to where Mariana lay hidden upstream of the fallen tree trunk.
-
They are easily accessible and hidden from view.                                                                              -The money was carefully hidden somewhere in the house.
- They are not able to find the Monument yet has remained hidden from the mysterious workers.
- I doubt very much they're hidden under your pillow.
- Four people from different countries are hidden away in the damp jungles of
Panama.
- Yet, in the hidden away little resort of Portals Nous, there is an oasis of calm, - - tranquility and romance, centered around the Hotel Portals.
- lie/remain hidden treasures which have lain hidden in bank vaults since the war.
- remain/stay hidden The truth may well remain hidden for ever.


Concealed
- What are the concealed aims of the group?
-
The police managed to find the concealed monument under water.
-
He kept his money concealed behind a big rock.
-
The responsibilities of the museum decided to keep the painting concealed from the public view.