Raise
An American word meaning to look after children until they are grown up.
- She was raised by her grandparents.
- She brought up her children in just the same way her mother did.
- David was brought up in London by wealthy parents.
Bring up
A British expression meaning to look after children until they are adult ,often teaching them to develop particular beliefs and ways of behaving.
- They brought up their children to be God-fearing Christians.
- In our culture, our daughters are brought up to tend to the needs of others.
- She's a nicely brought up girl,anyone can see that.
Rear
A mainly British word meaning to take care of children until they are able to care for themselves.
- She's reared a large family.
- I was born in Fort Worth but we moved around a lot and I was reared in east Texas.
- He has reared four children successfully.
Monday, June 29, 2009
Names for one's father and mother
Father
dad
An informal word which is also used for any much older man.
- She lives with her dad.
daddy
An informal word esp by & to children.
- A little girl ran up to me, crying for her daddy.
- Daddy ,Mathew pushed me over.
papa and pa (old fashioned)
poppa
An American and informal word with the same spelling as papa.
Come on ,poppa.let's go now.
pop
A mainly American and informal word as is used as a form of address and is also used with any much older man.
- Hey,pop.Can I help you?
Mother
mum
An informal and British word
- The mums are usually more interested in these things than the dads.
mummy
An informal and British word which is addressed to or by children.
- mummy I'm tired.
mom
American and informal
- Say mom, can I have something to eat.
mommy
An informal and American word which is used to or by children.
- Would you tell your mommy I'm here,please,dear?
ma
-An informal and especially American word which is also used by British working class.
- Ma was still at work when I came back.
mam
An informal word common in north England and Welsh especially working class.
- Anything to eat,mam?
mammy
Informal and common in Scotland and north England especially among working class.
- Ask your mammy if she will come to church tomorrow?
mama
old fashioned
momma
Informal and mainly American
- His momma told him to go home.
dad
An informal word which is also used for any much older man.
- She lives with her dad.
daddy
An informal word esp by & to children.
- A little girl ran up to me, crying for her daddy.
- Daddy ,Mathew pushed me over.
papa and pa (old fashioned)
poppa
An American and informal word with the same spelling as papa.
Come on ,poppa.let's go now.
pop
A mainly American and informal word as is used as a form of address and is also used with any much older man.
- Hey,pop.Can I help you?
Mother
mum
An informal and British word
- The mums are usually more interested in these things than the dads.
mummy
An informal and British word which is addressed to or by children.
- mummy I'm tired.
mom
American and informal
- Say mom, can I have something to eat.
mommy
An informal and American word which is used to or by children.
- Would you tell your mommy I'm here,please,dear?
ma
-An informal and especially American word which is also used by British working class.
- Ma was still at work when I came back.
mam
An informal word common in north England and Welsh especially working class.
- Anything to eat,mam?
mammy
Informal and common in Scotland and north England especially among working class.
- Ask your mammy if she will come to church tomorrow?
mama
old fashioned
momma
Informal and mainly American
- His momma told him to go home.
As vs. Though
As and Though are two conjunctions that can be used after adjectives or adverbs meaning Although:
- Unlikely as /though It might seem ,I'm tired too.
- Hard as/though she worked, she failed in his exam.
- Tired as/though I was ,I took her to the station.
They can indicate an emphatic contrast.
As comes with much ,but not though.In this use,it is used in sentence initial position and doesn't come with adjective or adverb.
- Much as /though he seemed to be hungry , he didn't eat so much.
- We went on a one week trip last week,as much/though we were busy.
As in this structure can be used to mean because:
- The horrible as the movie was, the people under 16 were not allowed to watch it.
- The rich as he was, he could afford the luxury cruise ship.
Although and Though can be used alone with adverbs and immediately after them.
- The marriage ,although/though brief,was a happy one.
- The doctor ,although/though experienced, could not diagnosis her cancer.
- Although/Though shy, she took part in many parties.
Though can be used in the middle of a sentence between two clauses to mean although.
- It might be worth your while to go to the court,though,and you 'll need expert advice.
- I enjoyed the movie,though I thought it was too long.
Though can also be used at the end of the sentence as an adverb meaning however,nevertheless.
- It's a hard work.I enjoy it though.
- He speaks many languages. He does know Spanish,though.
- Unlikely as /though It might seem ,I'm tired too.
- Hard as/though she worked, she failed in his exam.
- Tired as/though I was ,I took her to the station.
They can indicate an emphatic contrast.
As comes with much ,but not though.In this use,it is used in sentence initial position and doesn't come with adjective or adverb.
- Much as /though he seemed to be hungry , he didn't eat so much.
- We went on a one week trip last week,as much/though we were busy.
As in this structure can be used to mean because:
- The horrible as the movie was, the people under 16 were not allowed to watch it.
- The rich as he was, he could afford the luxury cruise ship.
Although and Though can be used alone with adverbs and immediately after them.
- The marriage ,although/though brief,was a happy one.
- The doctor ,although/though experienced, could not diagnosis her cancer.
- Although/Though shy, she took part in many parties.
Though can be used in the middle of a sentence between two clauses to mean although.
- It might be worth your while to go to the court,though,and you 'll need expert advice.
- I enjoyed the movie,though I thought it was too long.
Though can also be used at the end of the sentence as an adverb meaning however,nevertheless.
- It's a hard work.I enjoy it though.
- He speaks many languages. He does know Spanish,though.
Wednesday, June 24, 2009
Prison vs. Jail
Prison
Prison is a place people are kept for committing serious crime and so,they must serve long sentence.
- He was sentenced to life in prison.
- He was sent to prison for a very long time.
Jail
Jail is where people are only kept in custody for ,or committing much less serious crimes than the ones in prison.For people with small offense(Bre:offence) awaiting trial.
- He was jailed for one year and ordered to pay $500 costs.
- Dough was found guilty of criminal assault and sentenced to six months in prison.
Gaol
This is the British variant of jail.
Penitentiary
An American word meaning a prison for persons guilty of major crimes.A State or Federal prison in the U.S. used especially in names:
- Texas State Penitentiary.
- He was sent to the state Penitentiary after being arrested twice for possession of cocaine and firearms.
Prison is a place people are kept for committing serious crime and so,they must serve long sentence.
- He was sentenced to life in prison.
- He was sent to prison for a very long time.
Jail
Jail is where people are only kept in custody for ,or committing much less serious crimes than the ones in prison.For people with small offense(Bre:offence) awaiting trial.
- He was jailed for one year and ordered to pay $500 costs.
- Dough was found guilty of criminal assault and sentenced to six months in prison.
Gaol
This is the British variant of jail.
Penitentiary
An American word meaning a prison for persons guilty of major crimes.A State or Federal prison in the U.S. used especially in names:
- Texas State Penitentiary.
- He was sent to the state Penitentiary after being arrested twice for possession of cocaine and firearms.
When vs. By the time
When and By the time are both two time adverbs which there is a slight difference between them.
The former implies " simultaneity,at the moment " but the latter would mean that one event has been completed before another .
- She was cooking the food when we returned house.
- She had cooked the food by the time we returned the house.
In the second sentence, the cooking had been done at some point before she returned.
Notice that by the time can not be replaced with when or vice versa .
The former implies " simultaneity,at the moment " but the latter would mean that one event has been completed before another .
- She was cooking the food when we returned house.
- She had cooked the food by the time we returned the house.
In the second sentence, the cooking had been done at some point before she returned.
Notice that by the time can not be replaced with when or vice versa .
Although ,Though,Even though, As though
Although ,though,even though all mean the same thing with subtle differences ,not in meaning ,though.
Though is more common in informal style.
Even though is a stronger form of although.
- Although/Though/Even though he played brilliantly, he still lost her match.
Though like however,nevertheless and all the same can appear at the end of a sentence as an adverb,but not although or even though.In this use ,it means however.
- He lost the match,he played brilliantly, though.
- I enjoyed the movie,though, I thought It was too long.
- The strongest argument,though is economic and not political.
Though can be used after an adjective,either.
- Tired Though he was,he stayed up until midnight.
- Hard though I studied,I failed in my test.
- tempting though the snacks were,I refused to eat them.
But as though means differently.It means as if.
- She treats him as though he were her son.
For more information about "though" click here.
Though is more common in informal style.
Even though is a stronger form of although.
- Although/Though/Even though he played brilliantly, he still lost her match.
Though like however,nevertheless and all the same can appear at the end of a sentence as an adverb,but not although or even though.In this use ,it means however.
- He lost the match,he played brilliantly, though.
- I enjoyed the movie,though, I thought It was too long.
- The strongest argument,though is economic and not political.
Though can be used after an adjective,either.
- Tired Though he was,he stayed up until midnight.
- Hard though I studied,I failed in my test.
- tempting though the snacks were,I refused to eat them.
But as though means differently.It means as if.
- She treats him as though he were her son.
For more information about "though" click here.
Wish structures
There are different structures with wish which are sometimes confused by learners.
In this post I explain " wish structures" and clear up their differences & usages in a sentence.
1- Wish + would: I wish (that) she would study harder .
The wish is used when you now expect someone to do your requested thing and you are worried,angry and disappointed because they have not done it already but (in cases)still there is a probability to happen.
The continuous form is also possible:
- I wish she would be cleaning the house .
- I wish he would be repairing my car soon.
2-Wish + would+ present perfect: I wish (that) she would've studied harder .
This is an informal structure which means the same as above.
3- Wish + simple past: I wish (that) she studied harder.
This use of wish is when you expect an event to happen NOW ,although you know that it is unlikely or impossible to realize .
Other forms of the structure
- I wish I had more time for the exam.
- I wish I were an actor.
- I wish I could be an actor.
4- Wish + past perfect:I wish (that) she had studied harder.
This form is used for a wish that is impossible to happen.
You expected someone to have studied harder in the PAST,but they didn't.
For example,you expected her to have studied harder to pass the test,but she didn't and failed and now you say the wish.
5- I wished (that) I had studied harder.
In this form,the tense of wish not" that clause" is past.While in the above structures the tense is present.The form is used in a sentence like this:
- When I was a child ,I wished I could have driven my father's car.
- In the past , many people wished they had had wings to fly.
5- Wish + to infinitive:I wish you to study harder.
Wish + infinitive means " want"In this sense is very formal.
- We wish to see the president,please.
- I wish you attend my party tonight.
Notice that in the sentences 1-4 that is dropped in the informal usage.
Incorrect forms which you must avoid:
Simple present
I wish he studies his lessons .
Present perfect
I wish he has studied his lessons
In this post I explain " wish structures" and clear up their differences & usages in a sentence.
1- Wish + would: I wish (that) she would study harder .
The wish is used when you now expect someone to do your requested thing and you are worried,angry and disappointed because they have not done it already but (in cases)still there is a probability to happen.
The continuous form is also possible:
- I wish she would be cleaning the house .
- I wish he would be repairing my car soon.
2-Wish + would+ present perfect: I wish (that) she would've studied harder .
This is an informal structure which means the same as above.
3- Wish + simple past: I wish (that) she studied harder.
This use of wish is when you expect an event to happen NOW ,although you know that it is unlikely or impossible to realize .
Other forms of the structure
- I wish I had more time for the exam.
- I wish I were an actor.
- I wish I could be an actor.
4- Wish + past perfect:I wish (that) she had studied harder.
This form is used for a wish that is impossible to happen.
You expected someone to have studied harder in the PAST,but they didn't.
For example,you expected her to have studied harder to pass the test,but she didn't and failed and now you say the wish.
5- I wished (that) I had studied harder.
In this form,the tense of wish not" that clause" is past.While in the above structures the tense is present.The form is used in a sentence like this:
- When I was a child ,I wished I could have driven my father's car.
- In the past , many people wished they had had wings to fly.
5- Wish + to infinitive:I wish you to study harder.
Wish + infinitive means " want"In this sense is very formal.
- We wish to see the president,please.
- I wish you attend my party tonight.
Notice that in the sentences 1-4 that is dropped in the informal usage.
Incorrect forms which you must avoid:
Simple present
I wish he studies his lessons .
Present perfect
I wish he has studied his lessons
Friday, June 19, 2009
Stopping a vehicle by the road
To park a car somewhere
A general word to mean stopping a car or a vehicle someplace:
- when I came back, a police car was parked in front of my truck.
- Driving up to London, I saw many cars parked at the side the road.
To pull in somewhere
1.To stop the car in a specific area.
- The police car pulled in behind me .
- Jeff parked in front of the house and I pulled in beside him.
2.To move towards the curb into a lay-by.
- I Pulled in to the parking lot.
- He pulled into the garage.
To pull over somewhere
To drive to the side of the road
1- because you suddenly need to stop.
- I pulled over,unable to stop myself from going to sleep.
- Hearing noises from the engine,he pulled over to see what's wrong with it.
2- because you have been told to stop, for example by the police.
- We got pulled over for speeding.
- The police pulled him over for speeding.
3-to let another car or vehicle pass.
- The car pulled over when the ambulance approached at high speed.
- A car came at high speed behind me and flashed me to pull over .
To pull off the road
To stop the vehicle at the side of the road.
- I pulled off the road at a small village pub.
- One evening,crossing a small creek,he pulled the car off the road.
To pull up somewhere
To stop a car somewhere often for a short time.
- I pulled up my car in front of a house to go shopping and came back half an hour later.
- We pulled up outside a shop,bought drinks and drove on.
A general word to mean stopping a car or a vehicle someplace:
- when I came back, a police car was parked in front of my truck.
- Driving up to London, I saw many cars parked at the side the road.
To pull in somewhere
1.To stop the car in a specific area.
- The police car pulled in behind me .
- Jeff parked in front of the house and I pulled in beside him.
2.To move towards the curb into a lay-by.
- I Pulled in to the parking lot.
- He pulled into the garage.
To pull over somewhere
To drive to the side of the road
1- because you suddenly need to stop.
- I pulled over,unable to stop myself from going to sleep.
- Hearing noises from the engine,he pulled over to see what's wrong with it.
2- because you have been told to stop, for example by the police.
- We got pulled over for speeding.
- The police pulled him over for speeding.
3-to let another car or vehicle pass.
- The car pulled over when the ambulance approached at high speed.
- A car came at high speed behind me and flashed me to pull over .
To pull off the road
To stop the vehicle at the side of the road.
- I pulled off the road at a small village pub.
- One evening,crossing a small creek,he pulled the car off the road.
To pull up somewhere
To stop a car somewhere often for a short time.
- I pulled up my car in front of a house to go shopping and came back half an hour later.
- We pulled up outside a shop,bought drinks and drove on.
Thursday, June 18, 2009
In time vs. On time
The difference between "in time" and "on time" sometimes is blurred.
In time indicates that you have arrived for a particular event early or soon enough to do something.Before the last moment.In time usually comes with" just".
- He arrived just in time for dinner.
- If I didn't hurry up, I wouldn't be in time to get to work.
- If I hadn't arrived in time , she would have killed herself.
On time indicates that you arrived somewhere at the appointed time and not late or not early.It sometimes comes with" right".
- In japan, trains are always on time.
- I may be up watching T.V until midnight ,but I am always on time for my work.
- The conference ended just right on time.
To understand better the difference between the two, notice the following sentences:
- The exam will begin on time. If you want to be calm and without stress you should attend the school in time .
- Trains in this country depart the station on time.If you want to catch the train ,you must arrive in time.
In time indicates that you have arrived for a particular event early or soon enough to do something.Before the last moment.In time usually comes with" just".
- He arrived just in time for dinner.
- If I didn't hurry up, I wouldn't be in time to get to work.
- If I hadn't arrived in time , she would have killed herself.
On time indicates that you arrived somewhere at the appointed time and not late or not early.It sometimes comes with" right".
- In japan, trains are always on time.
- I may be up watching T.V until midnight ,but I am always on time for my work.
- The conference ended just right on time.
To understand better the difference between the two, notice the following sentences:
- The exam will begin on time. If you want to be calm and without stress you should attend the school in time .
- Trains in this country depart the station on time.If you want to catch the train ,you must arrive in time.
Moving someone to somewhere by a vehicle
In English ,there are different ways that someone can use to say how he or she moved someone freely by a vehicle to a place:
1- To give someone a ride to somewhere
An expression which is more commonly used in the U.S.
- He gave me a ride to the airport.
- My brother gave me a ride to my house on his motorcycle.
2-To drive someone to somewhere
It is used in both American and British versions.
- Her daughter drove me to the airport.
3-To take someone to a place
It is also common in both American and British versions with a subtle difference in meaning.It mostly means she/he accompanied me to the station/airport....For example, if I didn't know where the station was he could have gone with me on the bus.
- His brother took me to the airport.
4-To give someone a lift to a place
It is more common in the British dialect ,though it is used in the U.S. less commonly.
- He had a car and gave/offered me a lift to the airport/a lift home.
5-To run someone to somewhere
An informal expression which is used in the British dialect.
-Would you mind running me to the station?
The five expressions suggest a brief journey, often provided as a favor. The destination would usually be a building or amenity, rather than a town, etc.
For longer journeys, you can add "down" and "up",to "run" depending on the geographical relation:
1. My cousin ran me down the river last week.
2. He thought I would run him up to New york.
For journeys between nearby residences, offices, etc., you can use "run over":
3. I was going to run them over to the museum.
4. Why didn't you run your brother over to his work?
So, all of them have the same meaning except took which doesn't (necessarily) specify that a car was involved - though it may have been.
1- To give someone a ride to somewhere
An expression which is more commonly used in the U.S.
- He gave me a ride to the airport.
- My brother gave me a ride to my house on his motorcycle.
2-To drive someone to somewhere
It is used in both American and British versions.
- Her daughter drove me to the airport.
3-To take someone to a place
It is also common in both American and British versions with a subtle difference in meaning.It mostly means she/he accompanied me to the station/airport....For example, if I didn't know where the station was he could have gone with me on the bus.
- His brother took me to the airport.
4-To give someone a lift to a place
It is more common in the British dialect ,though it is used in the U.S. less commonly.
- He had a car and gave/offered me a lift to the airport/a lift home.
5-To run someone to somewhere
An informal expression which is used in the British dialect.
-Would you mind running me to the station?
The five expressions suggest a brief journey, often provided as a favor. The destination would usually be a building or amenity, rather than a town, etc.
For longer journeys, you can add "down" and "up",to "run" depending on the geographical relation:
1. My cousin ran me down the river last week.
2. He thought I would run him up to New york.
For journeys between nearby residences, offices, etc., you can use "run over":
3. I was going to run them over to the museum.
4. Why didn't you run your brother over to his work?
So, all of them have the same meaning except took which doesn't (necessarily) specify that a car was involved - though it may have been.
Monday, June 15, 2009
particularly vs. In particular
particularly and in particular are both almost the same in meaning ,but there are some shadow of differences in meaning and usage which I try to clear up here :
1- Particularly is applied to mean To a distinctly or an unusually greater extent or degree than is common ,more than other things:
In this sense the adverb like"especially" comes with adjectives,too:
- I like all her novels,but her latest is particularly good.
- She's particularly fussy about her shoes.
- A particularly dry summer.
- I particularly like his red car.
"In particular" is not used to modify adjectives, adverbs or verbs.So ,in the above sentences the idiom can not be substituted for"particularly".
2-It is used to mean specifically or specially distinguished from others,or with particular reference and emphasis:
- Iran produces good quality carpets,particularly in Kashan.
- I often do absent-minded things,particularly when I'm worried.
In this use ,Particularly can be used with when or if.
- It's often difficult to find a safe place to go jogging ,particularly if you live in a big city.
- It was hard for children ,particularly when they were ill.
2-In particular is an expression which means Specifically or especially distinguished from others :
- I enjoyed the exhibition. In particular, I liked the impressionist paintings. or .... I liked the impressionist paintings in particular. or I enjoyed the exhibition, and in particular, I liked the impressionist paintings. or I enjoyed the exhibition, and in particular, the impressionist paintings.
As you saw I the sentences,"in particular" is usually separated by a comma in a sentence.
Notice that "in particular" unlike "particularly" can crop up at the beginning of the sentence:
- In particular,(not particularly) She was upset about the bad interdepartmental communication.
Particularly can appear in initial position of a supportive clause,see No.2.
In Particular is used to mean special or specific,in this case, "anything,something,nothing,no one in particular"are commonly heard:
- Peter was lying on the sofa doing nothing in particular.
- Is there anything in particular you’d like for dinner?
- She directed the question at no one in particular.
- Are you looking for anything in particular?
3- If you want to use "in particular" in a sentence with an adjective ,it comes before the verb "to be":
- The situation in Sudan in particular is (particularly) worrying.
- The whole meal was good but the fish in particular was (particularly) excellent.
1- Particularly is applied to mean To a distinctly or an unusually greater extent or degree than is common ,more than other things:
In this sense the adverb like"especially" comes with adjectives,too:
- I like all her novels,but her latest is particularly good.
- She's particularly fussy about her shoes.
- A particularly dry summer.
- I particularly like his red car.
"In particular" is not used to modify adjectives, adverbs or verbs.So ,in the above sentences the idiom can not be substituted for"particularly".
2-It is used to mean specifically or specially distinguished from others,or with particular reference and emphasis:
- Iran produces good quality carpets,particularly in Kashan.
- I often do absent-minded things,particularly when I'm worried.
In this use ,Particularly can be used with when or if.
- It's often difficult to find a safe place to go jogging ,particularly if you live in a big city.
- It was hard for children ,particularly when they were ill.
2-In particular is an expression which means Specifically or especially distinguished from others :
- I enjoyed the exhibition. In particular, I liked the impressionist paintings. or .... I liked the impressionist paintings in particular. or I enjoyed the exhibition, and in particular, I liked the impressionist paintings. or I enjoyed the exhibition, and in particular, the impressionist paintings.
As you saw I the sentences,"in particular" is usually separated by a comma in a sentence.
Notice that "in particular" unlike "particularly" can crop up at the beginning of the sentence:
- In particular,(not particularly) She was upset about the bad interdepartmental communication.
Particularly can appear in initial position of a supportive clause,see No.2.
In Particular is used to mean special or specific,in this case, "anything,something,nothing,no one in particular"are commonly heard:
- Peter was lying on the sofa doing nothing in particular.
- Is there anything in particular you’d like for dinner?
- She directed the question at no one in particular.
- Are you looking for anything in particular?
3- If you want to use "in particular" in a sentence with an adjective ,it comes before the verb "to be":
- The situation in Sudan in particular is (particularly) worrying.
- The whole meal was good but the fish in particular was (particularly) excellent.
Thursday, June 11, 2009
Especially vs. Specially
What's difference between especially and specially ?
This is one of the the most frequently asked questions among the ESL learners which even sometimes get some natives confused .So,I decided to write the article to clarify the issue for readers.
Especially
1-Especially is used for emphasis ,meaning in particular and above all:
-She likes all of her pets ,especially the cats.
-He is very good at many sports,especially swimming and golf.
-Food was spoiled especially meat.
2-Especially comes in front of adjectives to mean in particular:
-He is especially adept at diving.
-I am especially concerned about your health.
-I'm feeling especially tired tonight because I had so much work to do.
3- Sometimes especially comes with if , when ,as or since ,the case is not usual with specially:
-I am going to work really hard on my project, especially since I failed my test last week.
-You should constantly drink water while hiking, especially when food is scarce.
-We should keep warm ,especially if we want to go on climbing in the cold weather.
-She wanted to go to the mountains ,especially as the weather was beginning to improve.
Specially
1- "Specially" is used in front of past participles to mean for a particular purpose:
-This kind of car is specially designed for the handicapped.
-These houses are specially built for the homeless.
-She has a chair that was specially made for her.
So,the uses such as specially selected,specially constructed,specially written,specially created,specially trained and etc. are commonly used.especially,whereas, is not common with this form of verb.
2- It's used to mean "specifically" or "uniquely" or "only;In this use, it's usually associated with "for":
-My father bought the bike specially for me.
-My mother baked the cake specially for me.
-They have to learn French specially for the job.
3- Specially is usually uncommon with in ,at,
This is one of the the most frequently asked questions among the ESL learners which even sometimes get some natives confused .So,I decided to write the article to clarify the issue for readers.
Especially
1-Especially is used for emphasis ,meaning in particular and above all:
-She likes all of her pets ,especially the cats.
-He is very good at many sports,especially swimming and golf.
-Food was spoiled especially meat.
2-Especially comes in front of adjectives to mean in particular:
-He is especially adept at diving.
-I am especially concerned about your health.
-I'm feeling especially tired tonight because I had so much work to do.
3- Sometimes especially comes with if , when ,as or since ,the case is not usual with specially:
-I am going to work really hard on my project, especially since I failed my test last week.
-You should constantly drink water while hiking, especially when food is scarce.
-We should keep warm ,especially if we want to go on climbing in the cold weather.
-She wanted to go to the mountains ,especially as the weather was beginning to improve.
Specially
1- "Specially" is used in front of past participles to mean for a particular purpose:
-This kind of car is specially designed for the handicapped.
-These houses are specially built for the homeless.
-She has a chair that was specially made for her.
So,the uses such as specially selected,specially constructed,specially written,specially created,specially trained and etc. are commonly used.especially,whereas, is not common with this form of verb.
2- It's used to mean "specifically" or "uniquely" or "only;In this use, it's usually associated with "for":
-My father bought the bike specially for me.
-My mother baked the cake specially for me.
-They have to learn French specially for the job.
3- Specially is usually uncommon with in ,at,
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